1 Kidd, Posidonius, Volume 3, p. 138, F72a = Jacoby FGrH 87 F21a.

2 Eusebius, Chronicle, pp. 259-260: He (Antiochos VIII) was given the names Grypus and Philometor. But when faced with an attack by Antiochus Cyzicenus (Antiochos IX) whom we mentioned earlier, who was his half-brother by the same mother (Kleopatra Thea) as well as his nephew on his father’s side (Demetrios II and Antiochos VII, the fathers of Antiochos VIII and Antiochos IX, were brothers), Grypus gave up his kingdom and retired to Aspendus; from which he was given the name Aspendius, as well as Grypus and Philometor.

Porphyry, Chronika, 21: He (Antiochos VIII) was called Grypos and Philometor. When his inheritance fell to Antiochos (Antiochos IX), his brother by the same mother (Kleopatra Thea) and cousin (Demetrios II and Antiochos VII, the fathers of Antiochos VIII and Antiochos IX, were brothers), who was called Kyzikenos, concerning whom we spoke a little before, he left the kingdom, going away to Aspendos, on account of which he was also called Aspendios as well as being called Grypos and Philometor.

The sobriquet Grypos is also mentioned by Appian (Roman History, 11.69), Diodorus Siculus (Library of History, 40.1a) and Poseidonios of Apamea (at Athenaios of Naukratis, Deipnosophistai, 12.540A-B = Ed. Kidd 72a, 6.246D = Ed. Kidd 74 and 4.153B-C = Ed. Kidd 75).

3 Appian, Roman History, 11.69: As soon as Seleucus (Seleukos V) assumed the diadem after his father’s (Demetrios II’s) death, his mother (Kleopatra Thea) shot him dead with an arrow, either fearing lest he should avenge his father or moved by an insane hatred for everybody.

Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, 39.1: One of his sons, Seleucus (Seleukos V), for having assumed the diadem without his mother’s (Kleopatra Thea’s) consent, was put to death by her; the other (Antiochos VIII), who, from the size of his nose was named Grypus, was made king by his mother, so far at least that the regal name should belong to him, while all the power of sovereignty was to remain with herself.

Eusebius, Chronicle, pp. 257-258: Demetrius (Demetrios II) was succeeded by his son Seleucus (Seleukos V), who died soon afterwards as a result of his mother’s (Kleopatra Thea’s) accusations.

4 According to Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, 38.10, she was taken to the East by Antiochos VII on his Parthian expedition and, after his defeat, she was married to Phraates II, King of Parthia. See Bennett, Egyptian Royal Genealogy: Cleopatra Thea, for a detailed discussion.

Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, 38.10: Phraates (Phraates II) had funeral rites performed for him (Antiochos VII) as a king, and married the daughter of Demetrius (of Demetrios II), whom Antiochus had brought with him, and of whom he had become enamoured.

5 Greek: Τρυφαινα. Bennett, Egyptian Royal Genealogy: Tryphaena, notes that she is “usually called Cleopatra Tryphaena in modern sources, although there is no ancient justification for this”.

6 Tryphaina was certainly the mother of Antiochos XI and Philip I and presumably the mother of Seleukos VI, Demetrios III, Antiochos XII and Laodike Thea. It is possible that Antiochos VIII had a second wife in the near-decade between the death of Tryphaina and his marriage to Kleopatra Selene in 103/2 BC but there is no evidence for it. (Bennett, Egyptian Royal Genealogy: Tryphaena, Cleopatra Selene)

7 See Grainger, A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer, p. 48 - Laodike (8). Their son, Antiochos I Theos Dikaios Epiphanes Philorhomaios Philhellen, was the builder of the Nemrud monument (see, e.g., the website of The International Nemrud Foundation).